Acquisition of educational values at the Real Madrid Foundation's social-sports schools.

The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of the educational programme of the Real Madrid Foundation (RMF) on the acquisition of educational values at social-sports football and basketball schools among children aged between 12 and 16 years in Italy, Romania, Spain and the United Kingdom. The most significant results showed that: (a) between the 20-21 and 21-22 seasons, there were statistically significant increases in personal and team success, self-fulfilment, personal and group superiority, health and physical fitness, and peaceful behaviour; and (b) the increase in variables being studied was different according to the country analysed in such a way that: in the per-sonal and team success dimension there was a rise in the United Kingdom and Italy; in self-fulfilment there was an increase in the United Kingdom; in the personal and group superiority dimension there was a rise in Italy and Romania; in the health and physical fitness dimension there was an increase in social-sports schools in the United Kingdom and Italy; in the peaceful behaviour dimension there was a rise in social-sports schools in the United Kingdom and a drop in social-sports schools in Romania. There were very significant improvements in the majority of dimensions and countries, although the development of the various dimensions is different and specific to every one of the distinct countries, meaning that it is necessary to keep adapting the educational programme of the Real Madrid Foundation in line with the sociocultural characteristics of each of the countries in which it is implemented.

Factors Influencing the Training Process of Paralympic Women Athletes.

(1) Background: Paralympic women athletes in their training process go through a series of interrelated stages which are parallel to their evolutionary development, during which a wide variety of psychological, social, and biological factors will have an impact. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing the sports training process of Spanish Paralympic women athletes (social, sporting, psychological, technical-tactical factors, physical condition, as well as barriers and facilitators) who had won at least one medal (gold, silver, or bronze) in the 21st century Paralympic Games (from Sydney 2000 to Tokyo 2020). (2) Methods: The research involved 28 Spanish Paralympic women athletes who had won at least one medal at a Paralympic Games in the 21st century. An interview of 54 questions grouped into 6 dimensions (sport context, social context, psychological, technical-tactical, physical fitness, and barriers and facilitators) was used. (3) Results: Coaches, as well as families, were essential in the sport development of Paralympic athletes. In addition, most women athletes recognized that psychological aspects were of vital importance, as well as working on technical-tactical aspects and physical fitness in an integrated way. Finally, the Paralympic women athletes highlighted that they had to face numerous barriers, mainly financial challenges and issues with visibility in the media. (4) Conclusions: Athletes consider it necessary to work with specialists to control emotions, increase motivation and self-confidence, as well as to reduce stress and anxiety and manage pressure. Finally, the training process and sporting performance of Paralympic women athletes are conditioned by several barriers, including economic, social, architectural, and disability barriers. These considerations can be taken into account by the technical teams working with Paralympic women athletes, as well as by the competent bodies, to improve the sports training process of these athletes.

The Perception of Grassroots Coaches of Spanish Professional Clubs on the Process of Training Young Players.

(1) The aims of this study were to find out the perception of the coaches of male and female football players in the initiation stage of Spanish professional clubs about different factors of the training process (context, talent development, and methodology), and to identify possible differences according to age/category (U10s: 8-10 years old, and U12s: 10-12 years old) and gender (male and female). (2) For this purpose, a questionnaire of 57 questions grouped into seven dimensions was applied, selecting for this work those related to talent development, training methodology, and social context. A total of 153 coaches from top-level Spanish professional clubs participated in the study: the first and second male division and the first female division. (3) The coaches consider that genetic inheritance is more important than contextual variables in the development of sporting talent. On the other hand, they do not show a clear consensus on whether players who perform better in the initiation stage have a greater chance of reaching the elite. (4) In addition, they value decision-making and technical qualities as fundamental factors in the development of talent rather than physical preparation.

The Sport Training Process of Para-Athletes: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this systematic review was to identify the main factors affecting the training process of para-athletes, as well as the barriers they encounter. For this purpose, a systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA declaration guidelines, in which six databases were analysed (Web of Science, Scopus, SportDiscus, Pubmed, Eric, and PsycInfo). A total of 19 articles were selected for analysis after applying the inclusion criteria. The results show that the figures of the coach and families in the sporting and social contexts, respectively, had a relevant influence on the training process of para-athletes. Furthermore, in terms of psychological aspects, stress reduction, the importance of self-esteem, and motivation were highlighted. On the other hand, there are some barriers hindering the training and performance of athletes, which are related to the lack of financial support, lack of visibility in the media, and dependence on other people. These considerations can be of great help to coaches and competent institutions in the field (Paralympic committees, federations, etc.) in order to improve the training process and performance of para-athletes and to eliminate the barriers encountered by this group, promoting policies which facilitate access to sports for people with disabilities.

Effects of Sport Teaching on Students' Enjoyment and Fun: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The methodology used in sport teaching influences not only the students' technical and tactical learning, but also psychological and social dimensions such as enjoyment. We aimed to analyze the effects of interventions using conventional and non-conventional sport teaching methodology on students' enjoyment/fun, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The search was carried out following the PRISMA Statement in the databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, Eric and PsycInfo. A total of 1,481 documents were obtained, with the addition of 5 more which were identified in the reference lists of the articles found in the databases. Eleven articles were considered to meet the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis yielded a moderate effect size of 0.72, and a 95% CI from 0.48 to 0.96 in favor of non-conventional teaching methods, highlighting the model of sports education. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the interventions was large and the quality of the evidence, according to GRADE, was very low. In conclusion, the use of non-conventional models in sport teaching with the aim of increasing the enjoyment/fun of boys and girls is advised. These suggestions could be useful for teachers and sport coaches to increase the enjoyment/fun of their trainees during sport practice.

The development of respect in young athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The practice of sports can lead to the development of values such as respect, self-control, effort, autonomy and leadership. However, sport can only foster educational habits and values if it is properly timed and specifically focused towards that end. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of interventions on the development and promotion of respect in the practice of sport among young people. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted, according to the guidelines of the PRISMA declaration, in the Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Google Scholar and SportDiscus databases. A total of 6 articles were considered to meet the inclusion criteria for the promotion of respect. Criteria for inclusion included: the full text needed to be available; it should be written in one of the selected languages: English, Spanish and Portuguese; it should be an intervention, an experimental or quasi-experimental study or a randomized controlled trial. Each manuscript was independently reviewed by three authors of this work. RESULTS: The results of the meta-analyses showed that the Siedentop sports education model, and Hellison's personal and social responsibility model (TPRS), had significant improvements regarding respect for opponents (total effect size = 0.39, small effect, with 95% Confidence Interval of 0.07 to 0.72). In addition, these models, along with another programme called Fair Play, also achieved significant increases as regards respect for the social conventions of sport (total effect size = 0.67, moderate effect, with 95% IC from 0.25 to 1.10). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the use of interventions related to the above-mentioned models is recommended when it is intended to encourage respect for opponents and social conventions. These considerations could be useful to both teachers and coaches in order to further cultivate these important attitudes.

El desarrollo del respeto en la formación deportiva: una revisión sistemática / Developing respect in sports training: a systematic review

La práctica deportiva bien orientada puede fomentar al desarrollo valores tales como el respeto, el autocontrol, el esfuerzo, la autonomía y el liderazgo. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue doble: 1) realizar una revisión sistemática relativa a las investigaciones que examinaban los efectos de alguna intervención sobre el desarrollo del respeto en la formación de jóvenes deportistas; y 2) describir y analizar dichas intervenciones. Para tales fines, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática en la que se estudiaron y analizaron diferentes investigaciones sobre el respeto en el ámbito deportivo y de la Educación Física. Para realizar esta revisión sistemática se empleó la Declaración PRISMA. Los resultados más destacados hacen referencia a la aplicación exitosa del Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social de Hellison (TPRS) y de la Educación Deportiva de Siedentop. De esta manera, tanto en el contexto escolar como en el de clubes deportivos, la utilización de intervenciones relacionadas con los Modelos mencionados es aconsejada cuando se pretende fomentar el respeto

The practice of sport can promote the development of values such as respect, self-control, effort, autonomy and leadership. In this sense, the aim of this study was twofold: 1) to carry out a systematic review of research analyzing the effects of any intervention on the development of respect in the training of young athletes; 2) to describe and examine such interventions. To this end, a systematic review was carried out in which different research on respect in the field of sport and physical education was studied and analysed. The PRISMA Statement was used to conduct this systematic review. The most outstanding results refer to the successful application of Hellison's Personal and Social Responsibility Model (TPRS) and Siedentop's Sports Education. Thus, both in the school context and in the sports club context, the use of interventions related to the above-mentioned models is recommended when respect is to be encouraged

Effects of Cooperative-Learning Interventions on Physical Education Students' Intrinsic Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim was to review the effects of cooperative learning interventions on intrinsic motivation in physical education students, as well as to conduct a meta-analysis to determinate the overall effect size of these interventions. The PRISMA guidelines were followed to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. The PEDro Scale was used to assess the risk of bias and the GRADE approach was used to evaluate the quality of the evidence. A total of five studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and they were included in the meta-analysis. Effect size for intrinsic motivation of each study was calculated using the means and standard deviations of the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) before and after the intervention. The overall effect size for intrinsic motivation was 0.38 (95% CI from 0.17 to 0.60) while the heterogeneity was large. Although four of the five studies reported significant within-group improvements in intrinsic motivation, only three studies showed significant between-group differences in favor of the experimental group. The findings showed that program duration and participant age may be relevant factors that must be considered by educators and researchers to conduct future effective interventions. Cooperative learning interventions could be a useful teaching strategy to improve physical education students' intrinsic motivation. However, given the large heterogeneity and the low quality of the evidence, these findings must be taken with caution.

Analysis of a Sports-Educational Program in Prisons.

The aim of this study was to analyze the implementation of a sports-educational program in prisons where the Real Madrid Foundation's Social-Sports Program is carried out. For that purpose, a survey of 468 inmates was conducted at 21 prisons in Spain where the Real Madrid Foundation implements its program (441 men (94.23%) and 27 women (5.77%)). Inmates stated that the program had had a favorable influence on their life in prison and considered that their participation in the program might have a significant influence on the likelihood of them continuing to play sports when they are released. In addition, inmates felt that they had learned a great deal about the contents relating to football and the values they had worked on, and that the program had had a very positive effect on their overall development as a person.

Small-Sided Games as a Methodological Resource for Team Sports Teaching: A Systematic Review.

New models for teaching sports have arisen in the last years, characterised by the use of more contextualised situations, modified games, tactical awareness, transference of technical-tactical learning and different teaching progression, among other aspects. In this regard, small-sided games must be highlighted, due to their ability to integrate physical fitness, technique and tactical behaviour stimuli in similar conditions to the real game. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to analyse and describe the methodological possibilities that SSGs can provide regarding the teaching of technical-tactical aspects in team sports at young ages. The guidelines of the PRISMA declaration were followed with the purpose of conducting a systematic search. The search was performed in the databases Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus and SportDiscus. From the 451 identified in an early phase, plus the 20 found in the references of other studies, only 47 met the inclusion criteria and were selected. The results yielded scientific evidence that justifies the use of small-sided games as a methodological resource for sports teaching at young ages. Among the main reasons, it can be highlighted that a reduction in the number of players and in the size of the pitch area increases the total ball contact per player and, therefore, the number of technical actions. Moreover, the intentional modification of certain rules helps to develop some sport training fundamentals.

Effects of Teaching Games on Decision Making and Skill Execution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The question of how games should be taught is still a controversial subject. There has been a growing number of studies on teaching games and coaching sports since the first publication of Bunker and Thorpe on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). In this sense, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to systematically review the scientific literature about the effects of technical and tactical approach interventions on skill execution and decision making, and to examine the influence of the teacher/coach management style. A systematic literature search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and SportDiscus electronic databases. A total of seven and six studies were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria for decision making and skill execution, respectively. Meta-analysis results showed that tactical interventions achieved significant improvements in decision making (effect size = 0.89 with 95% confidence interval (CI) from 0.12 to 1.65), but they did not show significant improvements in skill execution (effect size = 0.89 with 95% CI from -0.45 to 2.23) compared to technical approaches. However, the heterogeneity of interventions was large and the quality of evidence was low according to GRADE. In conclusion, tactical approaches are recommended to teach games and sports in order to develop technique, understanding, tactical knowledge, and decision making, which are demanded in game play. These findings could be useful for teachers and coaches to improve these aspects of their players and students.

Evaluación de la socialización en jóvenes jugadores de baloncesto de la Fundación Real Madrid / Evaluation of socialization in young basketball players of the Real Madrid Foundation

La promoción y el fomento de valores educativos en las Escuelas Sociodeportivas de Baloncesto de la Fundación Real Madrid es una de las finalidades más importantes sobre la que hemos estado trabajando los últimos años. El proyecto de trabajo «Por una Educación Real: Valores y Deporte» incluye varias líneas de actuación dirigidas al profesorado, familias y alumnado. Para valorar la evolución del alumnado en relación a uno de los contenidos pedagógicos que intentamos fomentar, la socialización, hemos utilizado la escala «GR-SIPPEL» (Ruiz, Graupera, Moreno y Rico, 2010), en la que se evalúan las siguientes dimensiones: cooperación, competición, individualismo y afiliación. El objetivo principal del trabajo ha sido: describir las preferencias de interacción social de los chicos y chicas de categoría benjamín (8-10 años) de las Escuelas Sociodeportivas de Baloncesto de la Fundación Real Madrid. Los participantes que formaron parte del estudio fueron un total de 129 jugadores y jugadoras (87 niños, 75.2%; y 42 niñas, 24.8%). El análisis descriptivo global de los datos nos mostró que, en general, se alcanzaron valores más altos en las dimensiones cooperación (M = 3.368; SD = 0.421) y afiliación (M = 3.132; SD = 0.548), mientras que en las dimensiones de competición (M = 2.351; SD=0.843) e individualismo (M = 1.903; SD=0.680) obtuvieron los más bajos (AU)

The promotion and encouragement of educational values in Real Madrid Foundation Social Sport Basketball Schools is one of the most important goals on which we have been working in recent years. The work project «For a Real Education: Values and Sport» includes several lines of action aimed at teachers, families and students. To assess the progress of students in relation to one of the educational content we try to promote, as for example, the socialization, we used the «GR-SIPPEL» scale (Ruiz, Graupera, Moreno and Rico, 2010), in which the following dimensions are evaluated: cooperation, competition, individualism and affiliation. The main objective of the study was to: describe the social interaction preferences of boys and girls in the youngest category (8-10 years) of Real Madrid Foundation Social Sport Basketball Schools. Participants who took part in the study were 129 male and female players (87 boys, 75.2%; and 42 girls, 24.8%). The overall descriptive analysis of the data showed that in general, higher values are reached in the dimensions of cooperation (M = 3.368 , SD = 0.421) and affiliation (M = 3.132 , SD = 0.548), while in the dimensions of competition (M = 2.351 , SD = 0.843) and individualism (M = 1.903 , SD = 0.680) had the lowest values (AU)

Utilización de materiales didácticos para fomentar valores educativos en baloncesto de formación / Utilização de materiais didáticos para fomentar os valores educativos do basquetebol de formação / Using didactic materials to promote educational values in basketball young teams

Con la intención de promover la enseñanza y aprendizaje del baloncesto desde una perspectiva educativa en las etapas de formación, las Escuelas de Baloncesto de la Fundación Real Madrid, a través del proyecto de investigación denominado 'Por una Educación REAL: Valores y Deporte', ha elaborado una serie de materiales didácticos que permitan ayudar a los entrenadores y jugadores a desarrollar la práctica del baloncesto en el mejor contexto educativo. Dichos materiales ofrecen a los entrenadores la posibilidad de mejorar su calidad como docentes, tanto en los entrenamientos como la competición, incluyendo los valores educativos en la práctica diaria, haciendo también partícipes a los jugadores y sus familias. El objetivo principal de este estudio, después de varias temporadas de desarrollo del proyecto, ha sido analizar el uso que los entrenadores hacen de los diferentes materiales didácticos. La población de estudio ha sido 15 entrenadores de la Escuelas de baloncesto de la Fundación Real Madrid, con una experiencia media de 4,7 años. Estos docentes han entrenado a un total de 580 jugadores y jugadoras de las categorías benjamín, alevín, infantil y cadete. El instrumento utilizado fue un cuestionario diseñado ex profeso con preguntas vinculadas al objetivo del estudio. Los resultados indican que el material más usado, por ser considerado muy útil, ha sido un libro-manual denominado 'Iniciación al Valorcesto' (68%); le siguen el programa 'Tarjeta Blanca' (41%) y el documento de 'Evaluación Trimestral' (38,5%) (AU)

Com a intenção de promover o ensino e aprendizagem do basquetebol sob o ponto de vista educativo nas etapas de formação, as Escolas de Basquetebol da Fundação Real Madrid, através do projeto de investigação denominado 'Por uma educação REAL: Valores e Desporto', elaborou uma série de materiais didáticos que permitem ajudar os treinadores e jogadores a desenvolver a prática do basquetebol no melhor contexto educativo. Estes materiais oferecem aos treinadores a possibilidade de melhorar a sua qualidade como docentes, tanto nos treinos como a nível de competição, incluindo valores educativos na prática diária, envolvendo os jogadores e as suas famílias. O objetivo principal deste estudo, depois de várias temporadas no desenvolvimento do projeto, consiste em analisar o uso que os treinadores fazem dos diferentes materiais didáticos. A população visada foram 15 treinadores das Escolas de Basquetebol da Fundação Real Madrid, com uma experiência média de 4,7 anos. Estes docentes treinaram um total de 580 jogadores e jogadoras das categorias de Infantil, Iniciado, Juvenil e Júnior. Como instrumento utilizou-se um questionário desenhado ex profeso com perguntas vinculadas ao objetivo do estudo. Os resultados indicam que o material mais usado, por ser considerado muito útil, foi o livro-manual denominado de “Iniciação ao Basquetevalor” (68%); seguido do programa 'Cartão Branco' (41%) e ao documento de 'Avaliação Trimestral' (38,5%) (AU)

In order to promote the teaching and learning of basketball from an educational perspective in the formative stages, Real Madrid Foundation Basketball Schools, through the research project entitled 'For a REAL Education: Values and Sport', has developed a series of teaching materials available to assist coaches and players develop the practice of basketball in the best educational context. These materials offer coaches the opportunity to improve their quality as teachers, both in training and competition, including the educational values in daily practice, making also participants the players and their families. The main objective of this study, after several seasons of project development, has been analyzed the use that the coaches make from the different didactic materials. The study population was 15 basketball coaches from Real Madrid Foundation Basketball Schools, with an average experience of 4.7 years. These teachers have trained a total of 580 male and female players from the youngest categories, U10, U12, U14 and U16. The instrument used was a questionnaire designed expressly with questions related to the study objective. The results indicate that most used material, to be considered useful, it has been a manual book called 'Introduction to Basketvalues' (68%); followed by the 'White Card' program (41%) and the paper 'Quarterly Player Assessment' (38.5%) (AU)